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Definition Page for DrumLib's Health Research Review:
Acetaminophen (ah-set-ah-MIN-oh-fen)
SYN: Paracetamol (par-ah-SET-ah-mol) European name.
A synthetic aspirin-like drug that has antipyretic and analgesic
effects. Unlike aspirin, acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory or antirheumatic
effects. Acetaminophen has very little anti-inflammatory action because it does not
inhibit peripheral prostaglandin (PG)
synthesis. For this reason, it is NOT an effective substitute for aspirin in the ECA stack.
Acetaminophen is primarily metabolized in the liver by sulfation and conjugation. At higher doses, there is greater metabolism of
acetaminophen by cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase (MFO). The hepatic MFO pathway
produces a reactive hydroxylate metabolite that exerts a toxic effect when the hepatic glutathione levels get
too low to provide adequate detoxification. This leads to covalent binding of the metabolite to macromolecules, and, in extreme cases, fatal
hepatic necrosis.
Doses greater than 140mg/kg in adults can produce toxic effects.
Doses greater than 10 grams can cause fatal hepatic necrosis. Acetaminophen overdose is
treated with gastric lavage and 140mg/kg (5.6gm for an
80kg adult!) of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) followed by 70mg/kg
every four hours for a total of 17 doses. The NAC must be given promptly -- no more than
8-10 hours after the overdose.
TRADE NAME: Tylenol
SEE: Acetaminophen
poisoning (Taber's)
Acetylcholine (as-e-til-KOH-lean)
A neurotransmitter that is made
from choline. Acetylcholine is choline esterified with acetic acid. Acetylcholine is destroyed
by the enzyme, cholinesterase. The level of acetylcholine affects your memory and,
possibly, increases growth hormone (GH) levels by reducing the
production somatostatin.
SEE: Parasympathetic nervous system (PSN).
SEE: Acetylcholine
(Taber's)
Acromegaly (ak-row-MEG-ah-lee)
SYN: Marie's disease
A disease caused by excessive growth hormone (GH).
The onset of the disease is gradual, however, eventually there is noticeable enlargement
of the peripheral parts of the body, especially the head,
hands, and feet. In about 40% of GH-secreting adenomas there
is excessive cAMP production caused by a mutation in the Gs
protein.
SEE: Acromegaly (Taber's)
ACTH
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ah-DREE-no-CORE-ti-koh-TROH-fik)
SYN: Corticotropin (CORE-ti-koh-TROH-pin)
A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the
production of glucocorticoids and catecholamines by the adrenal
gland. Cortisol levels act as a negative feedback mechanism controlling the release of ACTH. ACTH stimulates insulin release and increases amino acid uptake by your muscles. Fever, stress, or sudden
low blood sugar will increase the release of ACTH. Pregnenolone
is made from cholesterol under the influence of ACTH.