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Definition Page for DrumLib's Health Research Review:
Addison's disease
SYN: Adrenocortical insufficiency (ah-dree-no-CORE-ti-kal)
A disease that is caused by progressive destruction of the adrenal gland, which causes a deficiency of adrenocortical
hormones. The most common cause is autoimmune disorder,
followed by infectious disease (such as tuberculosis), and hemorrhage
into the adrenal gland.
Thomas Addison, British physician, 1793-1860.
Adenoma (ad-eh-NO-mah)
A tumor.
Adenosine (ah-DEN-oh-seen)
Adenosine inhibits noradrenaline release from
sympathetic nerve terminals (endings). This is one of the feedback mechanisms that reduces thermogenesis. Adenosine also reduces adipose tissue
sensitivity to noradrenaline. This action reduces lipolysis.
Caffeine and theophylline increase thermogenesis by
antagonizing adenosine and inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE).
PDE is considered to be the primary inhibitor of thermogenesis.
SEE Adenosine (Taber's)
Adenosine deaminase (ah-DEN-oh-seen
dee-AM-i-nayse)
Adenosine deaminase has been used for the enzymatic inhibition of adenosine production in many in
vitro experiments. These studies were designed to determine whether the
synergistic effect of methylxanthines on
ephedrine-induced thermogenesis is primarily due to adenosine antagonism or
phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition.
SEE: Chemical sympathectomy
and Tissue slices.
SEE Adenosine (Taber's)
Adenylate cyclase (ah-DEN-i-late
SIGH-clayse)
SYN: Cyclic AMP synthetase (SIN-thuh-tayse)
ABBR: cAMPase
This enzyme stimulates the synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
cAMP controls many of the activities that take place in your cells.
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (AN-tie-die-you-RET-ik)
SYN: Vasopressin (vay-so-PRESS-in)
A hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus
and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland. ADH decreases the production of urine. The release of ADH is adjusted in order to
maintain fluid balance. If you do not drink enough water the pituitary gland secretes more
ADH. This conserves water by reducing the amount released in urine. ADH causes the kidneys
to soak up water and it stimulates the reabsorption of water into the blood. If the blood
is too dilute, the pituitary puts out less ADH so that more water will be excreted in
urine.
Nicotine causes ADH to be released.
Alcohol slows the production of ADH.
SEE: Asparagine.
Adipocyte (AD-i-poe-site)
Isolated adipocytes (fat cells) and tissue slices are used in
experiments to determine the exact mechanisms through which methylxanthines such as caffeine
or theophylline enhance and prolong thermogenesis.
SEE: Chemical sympathectomy.
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate (ah-DEN-oh-seen die-FOSS-fate)
ADP is formed during muscle contraction and reformed when the muscle
relaxes. ADP is intimately involved in energy storage and release. STORAGE: A high
energy phosphate group is donated from creatine phosphate
(CP) to make ADP into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). CP acts as a
storage reservoir for ATP generation. (The average person stores about 115 grams of
creatine.) RELEASE: Energy is released when ATP is broken down by ATPase to form ADP.
SEE Adenosine (Taber's)
Adrenalectomy (ah-dree-nal-EK-toe-me)
The surgical removal of the adrenal
gland.
SEE: Adrenalectomy
(Taber's)
Adrenal gland (ah-dree-nal)
A triangular-shaped gland that sits on top of each kidney. The
adrenal gland has an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
The Outer Cortex Synthesizes (from cholesterol) And Secretes:
Glucocorticoids: Cortisol; Corticosterone.
Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone; DHEA.
Androgens: 17-ketosteroids.
Estrogens: Estradiol.
Progestins: Progesterone.
The Inner Medulla Synthesizes And Stores:
Catecholamines: Adrenaline; Dopamine;
Noradrenaline
SEE: Adrenal gland
(Taber's)
Adrenaline (ah-DREN-ah-lin)
SYN: Epinephrine (EP-i-NEF-rin)
The inner medulla of the adrenal
gland secretes adrenaline. It stimulates the beta adrenoceptors
causing lipolysis and thermogenesis,
however, adrenaline also inhibits thermogenesis by stimulating the alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
Thus, your receptor balance determines the net thermogenic effect of catecholamines. The more alpha-2 receptors, the less the
effect.
TRADE NAME: Adrenalin.
SEE: Epinephrine
(Taber's)
Adrenergic (ad-ren-er-jik)
This term refers to things controlled by adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA). Ephedrine is called an adrenergic drug because it causes the
nerve terminals (endings) of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
to release NA.
Adrenoceptor (ah-DREE-no-SEP-tore)
SYN: Adrenoreceptor
A receptor that is stimulated by adrenaline,
noradrenaline (NA), and adrenergic
drugs.